Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is still a great challenge in the public health domain to this day. Sputum collection from TB patients followed by an examination of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) is a common diagnostic tool routinely done; however, it could lead to false negative results when the patient excretes saliva instead of sputum. Meanwhile, bacterial culture, which is the gold standard, is time- and labor-consuming.
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