Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV remain intersecting epidemics, yet the influence of gender on treatment outcomes in Southeast Asian primary care is poorly understood. This study evaluates whether gender disparities in prognosis persist after access is standardized and identifies the most influential clinical and systemic factors. Most studies originate from tertiary hospitals, overlooking community-level realities. Using 2022 surveillance data from East Jakarta—the highest TB-burden urban district in Indonesia— we analyzed 4,151 patients (1.6% HIV co-infected) through multinomial logistic regression. Contrary to global evidence, gender was not a determinant of treatment outcome. Instead, prognosis was shaped by age, diagnostic method, HIV status, treatment duration, radiological findings, and facility type. Older age increased risks of failure and death, while longer treatment duration was protective. Clinically diagnosed patients had markedly poorer outcomes compared to bacteriologically confirmed cases, and those treated in primary health centers experienced poorer outcomes than hospital-based patients. These findings highlight that in rapidly urbanizing Southeast Asia, TB-HIV control depends less on gender equity and more on strengthening diagnostics, adherence support, and service integration at the primary care level
Oleh :
Machrumnizar
